Underlining that learning is an association between stimulus and response, behaviorist theory states that only observable and measurable behaviors can be a matter of learning. Opposing behaviorism, the cognitive approach disputes learning as a mechanical process. What kind of a response the stimulus
will induce is largely based on the mental processes of an individual actively involved in the learning process. Therefore, learning is attained via this formula Stimulus Organism Response. In other words, the essential factors in learning are not observable behaviors, but cognitive processes such as attention,
memory, comprehension, reasoning, and abstraction. Cognitive theorists consider learning to be a part of the efforts an individual exerts to make sense of the world. Learning types grounded in cognitive learning theory are Tolman’s latent learning, Köhler’s insight learning, and information processing.